前4千年
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| 千年: | 前5千年 - 前4千年 - 前3千年 |
前4千年标志着人类文化的大改变。它是青铜时代的开始，書寫亦在此时发明。The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt are established and grow to prominence. Agriculture spreads widely across Eurasia. 世界人口在本千年增加了一倍，大约从700万人增加到时1400万人。
目录 |
[编辑] 事件
- Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia (40th century BC); Sumerian hegemony in Mesopotamia, with the development of writing around the same time as the Indus Valley Civilization, base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, the wheel, and the potter's wheel, 4000–2000 BC.
- Epoch of the modern Hebrew Calendar occurred on 7 October 3761 BC.
- Jewish chronology dates Creation to September 25 or March 29 3760 BC.
- First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia.
- Ötzi the Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy c. 3300 BC, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps. His cause of death is believed to be homicide.
- New Stone Age people in Ireland build the 250,000 ton Newgrange solar observatory c. 3200 BC.
- Neolithic settlement built at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland.
- 3000 BC – Menes unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, and a new capital is erected at Memphis.
- 发现银。
- The beginnings of Iberian civilizations, arrival to the peninsula dating as far back as 4000 BC.
[编辑] 文化
- 美索不达米亚
- 欧洲新石器时代和西部欧亚大陆。
- 克里特岛: 迈诺斯文明兴起。
- The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture is the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans according to the Kurgan hypothesis
- The Maykop culture of the Caucasus, contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
- Vinca culture
- 印度次大陆
- Mehrgarh III-VI
- 非洲
[编辑] 环境变化
Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson (professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center) [1] a number of indicators shows there were a global change in climate 5,200 years ago:
- The climate was altered suddenly with severe impacts.
- Plants buried in the Quelccaya ice cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.
- A man trapped in an Alpine glacier ("Oetzi") is frozen until his discovery in 1991.
- Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.
- Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa’s Mount Kilimanjaro, a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.
- Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.
- Record lowest levels of methane retrieved from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.
- Beginning of desertification of Sahara (35th century BC). The shift by the Sahara Desert from a habitable region to a barren desert.
[编辑] 重大人物
[编辑] 发明、发现、传入
- Beginnings of urbanisation in Mesopotamia with the Sumerians.
- 埃及出现第一座城市。 (前35世纪).
- First writings in the cities of Uruk and Susa (cuneiform writings). Hieroglyphs in Egypt.
- Kurgan culture of what is now southern Russia and Ukraine domesticates the horse.
- Potter's wheel used in Middle East.
- 尼罗河上开始使用帆船。
- Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the World's first known engineered roadway.
- Drainage and sewage system in India
- 水坝, 运河, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer
- 使用铜，既用作工具也用作武器。
- 使用青铜，specifically by the Maykop culture.
- 马斯塔巴, 埃及金字塔的前身。
- 最早期的巨石阵（一个圆形的土堤岸和沟渠），可以追溯到约前3100年。
- The Céide Fields in Ireland, arguably the oldest field system in world, are developed.
[编辑] 小说和神话
- 据玛雅历法，前3114年8月11日或8月13日，地球被创造。(establishing that date as day zero of the Long Count 13.0.0.0.0).
- 朝鲜神话: According to Silla scholar Bak Jesang (박제상), 桓国(桓國) 于约前3898年瓦解。
- 印度神话, the Epoch of the Kali Yuga occurred at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BC, the traditional death of Krishna.
